Sustainable Resource Management in Nanofluid Cooling Systems for Electronic Boards: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Nanofluids, Electronic Board Cooling, Sustainable Resource Management, Thermal Management, Heat Transfer Enhancement, Energy EfficiencyAbstract
The present study aimed to systematically review and synthesize the available evidence regarding sustainable resource management in nanofluid cooling systems for electronic boards, with a particular focus on thermal performance enhancement, energy efficiency, resource optimization, environmental sustainability, and future technological development. This study was conducted as a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. A comprehensive search was performed in major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2010 to 2025. The research team consisted of six researchers from Tehran, Iran, who independently participated in literature screening, quality assessment, and data extraction. A total of 1,284 records were initially identified. After duplicate removal and eligibility assessment, 126 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. Data were extracted using a structured review form and evaluated through descriptive and thematic synthesis methods. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The findings revealed that nanofluid cooling systems consistently outperformed conventional cooling fluids across diverse electronic thermal management applications. Hybrid nanofluids demonstrated the highest thermal conductivity enhancement (up to 41.3%) and heat transfer improvement (up to 36.8%), particularly in direct liquid cooling and battery thermal management systems. Graphene-based and carbon nanotube-based nanofluids showed superior performance compared with many traditional metal oxide formulations. More than 90% of reviewed studies reported significant improvements in cooling efficiency, while 70.6% identified reductions in energy consumption. Furthermore, 77.8% of studies documented reductions in thermal hotspot formation, and 72.2% reported improved system reliability. The evidence also suggested that nanofluid technologies contribute to sustainable resource management through enhanced equipment lifespan, optimized resource utilization, and improved lifecycle performance. However, challenges related to nanoparticle stability, environmental impacts, and large-scale implementation remain important considerations.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sadegh Rasoul Ahari, Mohammad Ali Niroomand, Meysam Mahmoudi (Author); Mahdi Rezaei
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